â„–3123423[Quote]
>Perhaps most revealing is what Pizarro calls the "Kill Whitey" study. This was a footbridge problem - two variations on a footbridge problem in one, actually - that the team presented to 238 California undergrads. The undergrads were of mixed race, ethnicity and political leanings. Before they faced the problem, 87 percent of them said they did not consider race or nationality a relevant factor in moral decisions. Here the paper's description of the problem they faced:
<Participants received one of two scenarios involving an individual who has to decide whether or not to throw a large man in the path of a trolley (described as large enough that he would stop the progress of the trolley) in order to prevent the trolley from killing 100 innocent individual strapped in a bus.
<Half of the participants received a version of the scenario where the agent could choose to sacrifice an individual named "Tyrone Payton" to save 100 members of the New York Philharmonic, and the other half received a version where the agent could choose to sacrifice "Chip Ellsworth III" to save 100 members of the Harlem Jazz Orchestra. In both scenarios the individual decides to throw the person onto the trolley tracks.
>Tyrone and Chip. Just in case you're missing what Pizarro is up to:
<While we did not provide specific information about the race of the individuals in the scenario, we reasoned that Chip and Tyrone were stereotypically associated with White American and Black American individuals respectively, and that the New York Philharmonic would be assumed to be majority White, and the Harlem Jazz Orchestra would be assumed to be majority Black.
>So the guy on the bridge kills either Tyrone to save the New York Philharmonic or Chip to save the Harlem Jazz Orchestra. How, Pizarro asked the students, did they feel about that? Was sacrificing Chip/Tyrone to save the Jazz Orchestra/Philharmonic justified? Was it moral? Was it sometimes necessary to allow the death of one innocent to save others? Should we ever violate core principles, regardless of outcome? Is it sometimes "necessary" to allow the death of a few to promote a greater good?
>Turned out the racial identities did indeed, ah, color peoples' judgments, but that it colored them differently depending on their political bent. Pizarro, who describes himself as a person who "would probably be graded a liberal on tests," roughly expected that liberals would be more consistent. Yet liberals proved just as prejudiced here as conservatives were, but in reverse: While self-described conservatives more readily accepted the sacrifice of Tyrone than they did killing Chip, the liberals were easier about seeing Chip sacrificed than Tyrone.
>But this was just college students. Perhaps they were morally mushier than most people. So the team went further afield. As Pizarro describes in the talk:
<We wanted to find a sample of more sort of, you know, real people. So we went in Orange County out to a mall and we got people who are actually Republicans and actually Democrats, not wishy-washy college students. The effect just got stronger. (This time it was using a "lifeboat" dilemma where one person has to be thrown off the edge of a lifeboat in order to save everybody, again using the names "Tyrone Payton" or "Chip Ellsworth III".) We replicated the finding, but this time it was even stronger.
<If you're wondering whether this is just because conservatives are racist-well, it may well be that conservatives are more racist. But it appears in these studies that the effect is driven [primarily] by liberals saying that they're more likely to agree with pushing the white man and [more likely to] disagree with pushing the Black man.
<So we used to refer to this as the "kill whitey" study.
>They offered some other scenarios too, about collateral damage in military situations, for instance, and found similar differences: Conservatives accepted collateral damage more easily if the dead were Iraqis than if they were Americans, while liberals accepted civilian deaths more readily if the dead were Americans rather than Iraqis.
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>>3123423 (OP)>What did this say about people's morals? Not that they don't have any. It suggests that they had more than one set of morals, one more consequentialist than another, and choose to fit the sitaution. Again, from the talk:
<It's not that people have a natural bias toward deontology or a natural bias toward consequentialism. What appears to be happening here is that there's a motivated endorsement of one or the other whenever it's convenient.
>Or as Pizarro told me on the phone, "The idea is not that people are or are not utilitarian; it's that they will cite being utilitarian when it behooves them. People are aren't using these principles and then applying them. They arrive at a judgment and seek a principle."
>So we'll tell a child on one day, as Pizarro's parents told him, that ends should never justify means, then explain the next day that while it was horrible to bomb Hiroshima, it was morally acceptable because it shortened the war. We act - and then cite whichever moral system fits best, the relative or the absolute.
>Pizarro says this isn't necessarily bad. It's just different. It means we draw not so much on consistent moral principles as on a moral toolbox. And if these studies show we're not entirely consistent, they also show we're at least determined - really determined, perhaps, given the gyrations we go through to try to justify our actions - with behaving morally. We may choose from a toolbox - but the tools are clean. As Pizarro puts it at the end of his talk,
<I am still an optimist about rationality, and I cling to the one finding that I talked about, which is that when you point out people's inconsistencies, they really are embarrassed.